| Icon | Description | |
|---|---|---|
 | 8vb 8vb (ottava bassa) mans play all of the notes one octave lower | |
 | loco loco (“in place”) is written after an 8va or 8vb marking. It means play all the notes back in their original position. | |
 | pp pp stands for pianissimo, which means play very quietly.
| |
 | p p stands for piano, which means play quietly. | |
 | mp mp stands for mezzo piano, which means play quite quietly. | |
 | mf mf stands for mezzo forte, which means play quite loudly. | |
 | f f stands for forte, which means play loudly. | |
 | ff ff stands for fortissimo, which means play very loudly. | |
 | crescendo crescendo means gradually get louder. | |
 | diminuendo diminuendo means gradually get quieter. |
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